The walls of the alimentary canal share a common pattern from esophagus to anus. how many tunics (layers) make up the wall?

Four (4) tunics (layers) make up the wall.

The alimentary canal is the tubular passage by which food enters the body and through which food residue is eliminated. The anus, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, esophagus and mouth are all parts of the alimentary canal. The four basic tunics (layers) that constitute the walls of the alimentary canal are the mucosa, submucosa, musclaris externa, and serosa. A specific type of tissue that plays an important role in the breakdown of food can be found in each of the layers.

hydroxyl -oh

alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules

carboxyl -cooh  

cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1

carbonyl > co

ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

amino -nh2

amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+

methyl ch2

addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression

phosphate -opo3 ²⁻

organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20

sulfhydryl -sh

thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure

archaebacteria are found in in forest soil.

hope i spelled it right lol

hope i

-lavira: )