All of the following are generally used in vaccines except

a. antibodies.
b. parts of bacterial cells.
c. live, attenuated bacteria.
d. toxoids.
e. inactivated viruses.

All the following are usually used in vaccines except ANTIBODIES.

Vaccine refers to a substance that is used to stimulate the production of antibodies in living organisms. Causative agents of diseases are the raw materials that are normally used to manufacture vaccines. Vaccines provide immunity against different kind of diseases. Production of vaccines involves many stages; virus vaccines are usually generated from primary or continuous cell lines while for bacteria vaccines the bacteria are usually grown in bioreactors. Different types of materials are used in vaccine production, these include: inactivated viruses, toxoids, parts of bacterial cells, attenuated bacteria (Live), etc.

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration use glucose (or other carbohydrates), proteins and lipids to produce atp and nadh. cell uses those energy molecules, obtained from food and   breaks them down during the chemical reactions of respiration. in anaerobic respiration, nadh is regenerated to nad+ by enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (lactate is produced, e.g. in muscle cells) or by alcohol dehydrogenase where ethanol is produced (alcohol fermentation), while in aerobic respiration, electrons from nadh are deposited in the mitochondria to regenerate nad+ (electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration produces 2 atp per molecule of glucose compared to aerobic respiration where about 38 atp molecules are produced.