Two gene copies are identical by descent if
a) two individuals have the same parents
b) one allele mutates to a second allele
c) selfing occurs
d) they are both inherited from the same gene copy in a recent common ancestor.
e) balancing selection maintains two or more alleles

Atypical human cell is approximately 12.00 μm in diameter and enclosed by a membrane that is 5.000 nm thick. (a) what is the volume of the cell including the membrane? (b) what is the volume of the cell membrane? (c) what percent of the total volume does its membrane occupy? to simplify the calculations, model the cell as a sphere. enter your answers using four significant figures.

State officials are considering constructing a road through a forested wilderness area. this action will likely affect the forest ecosystem in various ways. part a: predict how the construction of a road could negatively affect plants and animals in that ecosystem. (3 points) part b: describe one way that the construction of a road could have a positive impact of the forest ecosystem. (1 point)

After frida stops exercising, she continues to breathe heavily. what is most likely occurring in her body? heavy breathing during exercise has produced an oxygen surplus in her muscles. this oxygen is being transported to her lungs. this is a result of aerobic respiration. heavy breathing during exercise has produced a carbon dioxide surplus in her muscles. lactate is being transported to her liver. this is a result of aerobic respiration. strenuous exercise has caused her body to be in carbon dioxide debt, and she is breathing hard while lactate is transported to the liver. this is a result of anaerobic respiration. strenuous exercise has caused her body to be in oxygen debt, and she is breathing hard while lactate is transported to the liver. this is a result of anaerobic respiration.