5) a cell is placed in a solution. if the cell is observed to shrink, the solution must be relative to the interior of the cell.
a) toxic
b) isotonic
c) hypotonic
d) hypertonic
question 6
the part of an enzyme that "fits" its substrate is called its site.
a) active
b) promoter
c) operator
d) repressor
question 7
consider the following two statements:
(1) " energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed in form."
(2) "if energy changes form, the change is never 100% efficient."
a) these statements apply only to eukaryotic (higher) cells.
b) these statements are expressions of the 1st and 2nd energy laws.
c) these statements don't apply to any cells.
d) these statements are both false.

question 8
the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a method of
a) making multiple identical copies of small amounts of dna
b) mass-producing proteins
c) decoding the nucleotide sequence of a gene
d) speeding up the production of mrna proteins
question 9
the normal complement of sex chromosomes for a human male is
a) xxy
b) xy
c) xx
d) yy

question 10
leaves are green because
a) carotenoids absorb green light
b) carotenoids reflect green light
c) chlorophylls a and b reflect green light
d) chlorophylls a and b absorb green light

question 11
the smaller unit molecules (monomers) which combine to form proteins and polypeptides are called
a) nucleotides
b) fatty acids
c) amino acids
d) monosaccharides
question 12
cell membranes consist of
a) a complex carbohydrate webbing
b) a flexible sheet of protein
c) a double layer of phospholipids
d) a network of microfilaments and microtubules

question 13
an allele is
a) a gene located at two different positions on the same chromosome
b) a sex cell
c) a gene found on different chromosomes (e. g., on chromosome numbers 1 and 5)
d) an alternate form of a gene
question 14
an atom that has gained or lost electrons is referred to as
a) an isotope
b) an ion
c) an element
d) a molecule
question 15
enzymes, some hormones, and structural molecules like keratin and collagen are examples of
a) lipids
b) nucleic acids
c) proteins
d) carbohydrates

question 16
which of the following is most likely to cause a cell to become cancerous?
a) premature apoptosis
b) cytokinesis
c) contact inhibition
d) mutation of a tumor supressor gene
question 17
meiosis differs from mitosis because
a) meiosis results in diploid daughter cells
b) dna replicates before the start of meiosis
c) meiosis occurs all over the human body
d) meiosis involves two cell divisions
question 18
many human traits such as eye color and height are controlled by
a) incomplete dominance
b) polygenic inheritance
c) mendel's laws
d) sex-linked inheritance
question 19
a testable explanation of a broad range of related phenomena that is relied upon by scientists with a high degree of confidence is referred to as
a) an act
b) a law
c) a dogma
d) a theory

question 20
a visual display of metaphase chromosomes arranged by size, shape, and banding pattern is
a) a genetic disorder
b) a centrosome
c) a karyotype
d) amniocentesis