In the electron transport chain, atp synthase is responsible a. pumping hydrogen ions against concentration gradient b. producing chemiosmotic gradient inside the matrix c. adding a phosphate group to adp d. capturing oxygen and connecting it with free hydrogen ions

The study of interaction between living organisms and their enviroment is called (a) phytogeography (b) ecology (c) phytosociology (d) ecosystem

Choose the incorrect statement (a) the motor end plate membrane is only capable of generating graded potentials, but it is contiguous with the skeletal muscle sarcolemma, which can generate action potentials. (b) propagation of an action potential through the t-tubules into the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggers the release of ca++ into the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber. (c) the generation of suprathreshold endplate potentials in multiple muscle fibers could be due to the increased frequency of action potential generation at the axon hillock of a single motor neuron. (d) a greater amount of ach would be found in the presynaptic vesicles of a motor unit that fired several action potentials after exposure to botulinum toxin, than in a motor unit that fired several action potentials after exposure to the venom of the krait snake (which contains α-bungarotoxin).

Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. this similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates