In prophase 1 of meiosis, crossing over results in

In prophase 1 of meiosis, crossing over results in:

1) Chromosomes are visible as a bivalent ( tetrad) tightly grouping of two chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids

2) The nuclear envelope disappear.

3)  Two chromosomes are grouped together very tightly.

4) chiasmata formation take place.

hydroxyl -oh

alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules

carboxyl -cooh  

cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1

carbonyl > co

ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

amino -nh2

amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+

methyl ch2

addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression

phosphate -opo3 ²⁻

organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20

sulfhydryl -sh

thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure