Information processing that begins with raw sensory data and finishes with analysis in the brain is called

It is called bottom-up processing .

In the bottom-up processing, perception starts at the sensory input or the stimulus. This type of processing is build-up from the smallest pieces of sensory information. The example od bottom-up processing is visual perception. When a person is looking at something (sensory stimulus-visual) the information about that stimulus is transferred from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain (the signal travels in one direction).

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.