What is the difference between normal and sickle hemoglobin at the dna, rna, and protein (amino acid) level?

How did alexander fleming’s research solve a societal problem? he developed ways to treat inherited diseases. he advocated for regular hand washing to kill germs. he discovered a new type of medicine that could treat infections. he discovered the cause of mad cow disease, an emerging disease.

Which of the following cell structures is significantly different between gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria?

Imagine a self-reactive t cell that has not undergone clonal deletion in the thymus (that is to say, it has escaped central tolerance). if it encounters self antigen in the absence of an infection or inflammation, what will happen to this self-reactive t cell? (select two answers) (a) the t cell undergoes clonal expansion. (b) the t cell gains effector functions. (c) the t cell undergoes apoptosis. (d) the t cell becomes activated. (e) the t cell becomes anergic.