When an amino acid would be protonated or deprotonated during ph?

Genetic disorders can result when sister chromatids fail to seperate properly. during what phase is this problem most likely to occur?

Can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not close all the way. the backbone that protects the spinal cord does not form and close as it should. this often results in damage to the spinal cord and nerves. a) cleft palate b) spina bifida c) encephalocele d) down's syndrome

What is the purpose of transcription? a. to copy the nucleotide in dna b. to form rna molecules from dna c. to produce a nucleic acid sequence from an amino acid sequence d. to link amino acids together to form stands of protein