1. which biotic factor most directly affects the size of a deer population in an ecosystem a. air temperature b. annual precipitation c. number of birds d. number of plants 2. which group of organisms changes solar energy into chemical energy that living things use a. decomposersb. first level consumers c. producers d. second level consumers 3. which of the following best describes a role of mushrooms in ecosystemsa. capturing energy from sunlight b. consuming living plant material c. taking energy from animal hosts d. breaking down dead plant material 4. abiotic factors in an environment include all of the? a. plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria living in a habitat b. air, water and food that living organisms use to stay alive c. organisms, including those currently alive and those that were once living d. rocks, water, sunlight, nutrients, climates and other non living characteristics 5.which organism in a food pyramid receives the least amount of energy a. fox b. bird c. grasshopper d. grass

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.