In a picture, negative space in art refers to... a. the images in the foreground.
b. the unhappy place.
c. the main subject or central focus of the image.
d. the images in the background that serves to support the main focus.

D

Explanation:

The negative space of a work of art is the space AROUND the main focus, therefore D is the correct answer because it is the background supporting the main focus.

i'm not sure i completely understand your question, but i will do my best.

i think the answer you are looking for is sequence. (see below)

a repeated melodic fragment would be best defined as repetition, while repeated chords (different or the same) could be a chord progression. however, you then mentioned the chord and melodic fragment beginning on higher or lower pitches, in that case, the answer could be best defined as a sequence. the definition of a sequence is as follows: "the restatement of a motif or longer melodic (or harmonic) passage at a higher or lower pitch in the same voice."

let me know if this !