___refers to the lightness or darkness of a hue or neutral color within a composition, a) Pattern
c) Composition
b) Value
d) Texture

b) Value

Explanation:

a) is not the right answer. The pattern is a type of design that has repeated elements, such as shapes, lines, colors, etc.

c) is not the right answer. The composition is the way things are arranged on the art piece, on the surface, and one compared to others.

b) is the right answer. The term value refers to the darkness or lightness of hue or color. It changes by adding white or black to the color, which are the ends of the value scale.

d) is an incorrect answer. Texture can be the look or the feel of the piece. If it’s a tactile art piece it is referred to as actual texture (like layers of oil paint, or texture of the statue, etc.), but the textile can be visually implied and stimulated by the design.

a chromatic scale uses the twelve tones of the octave, while a regular scale only uses eight, or seven different notes (as the first note is played twice)

12-bar blues chorus = a a b