Which of the following notes is located one half step above the note pictured
here?

G

Explanation

G is one half step up from F sharp because it is 1- half semitone up from F

your question isn't complete

the answer is counterpoint.

counterpoint definition: "the art or technique of playing a melody or melodies in conjunction with another, according to fixed rules."

counterpoint is present in a lot of baroque music- such as bach (notably his wtc prelude and fugues) and scarlatti, but can also be found in music by mozart, beethoven. it can even be found in music as modern as john williams!