7. in the mid-1800s, leaders of free african american communities in the north were often influenced by

a. utopian communities and their focus on cooperation.

b. romantic writers and their questioning of puritanism.

c. the second great awakening and its spirit of reform.

d. the temperance movement and its emphasis on self-discipline. btw, already done the test, answer is  the second great awakening and its spirit of reform.

D

Explanation:

Great Awakening and its spirit of reform

c. the Second Great Awakening and its spirit of reform.

Explanation:

     The Second Great Awakening began around 1800, among the Presbyterians, in Cane Ridge, Kentucky. In addition to being vast and complex, this awakening differed from the first in other important respects. While the earlier revival was essentially confined to Presbyterian and Congregational congregations, it has reached all denominations, especially Baptists and Methodists, which have skyrocketed and become the largest Protestant groups in North America. Another difference was geographical and social: while the first awakening occurred in urban areas near the coast, the second erupted on the so-called "frontier," the midwestern rural region with its mobile population and unstable social organization.

photography had emerged as an elite art pursued by a few creative individuals for a few wealthy patrons. but now, said bauldelaire, it was succumbing to "the great industrial madness of our times." it was becoming a mass production industry that catered to middle-class tastes, including a taste for gadgetry. the stereoscope, the first 3d imaging system, had turned looking at photographs into parlor entertainment. a "thousand hungry eyes were bending over the peepholes of the stereoscope as though they were the attic-windows of the infinite.