Refer to the passage. "It makes me shudder to think of what the result of a struggle between such different systems must be; one of us must prevail and the other be destroyed, at any rate we cannot both exist in safety. On their side is the vast wealth of their empire, unimpaired resources, experience and practice in arms, a veteran soldiery, an uninterrupted series of victories, readiness to endure hardships, union, order, discipline, thrift, and watchfulness. On ours are found an empty exchequer, luxurious habits, exhausted resources, broken spirits, a raw and insubordinate soldiery, and greedy generals; there is no regard for discipline, license runs riot, the men indulge in drunkenness and debauchery, and, worst of all, the enemy are accustomed to victory, we, to defeat. Can we doubt what the result must be?”

Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Flemish diplomat in Constantinople, The Turkish Letters, 1555–62

Which of the following best illustrates the economic relationship that existed between much of Europe and the Ottoman Empire despite the conflict indicated in the passage?

The Ottoman Empire and many European states and businesses were close trading partners, with each side benefitting equally from free and open trade.
Many European states and businesses maintained good relationships with the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman businesses to facilitate trade with Asia and Africa through Istanbul.
Many European states openly forbade trade between their citizens and the Ottoman Empire, so Europeans who engaged in such trade did so illegally.
The Ottoman Empire openly forbade trade between their citizens and many European states, so the Ottoman businesses that engaged in such trade did so illegally.