Record five rhetorical strategies that maria w. stewart uses in her 1832 lecture and explain their effect on the audience.

In the spring of 1832, a free, young African American woman, Maria W. Miller Stewart, rose to address a Boston audience. During the next three years, Stewart made a total of four public addresses, published a political pamphlet and a collection of meditations, and then retired deliberately from the public stage, seemingly defeated by the obstacles arrayed against her as both an African American and a female speaker.[1] Some critics give Stewart credit as the first American-born woman to deliver a public address before what was then called a "promiscuous" audience, one composed of both men and women.[2] It is more likely that Deborah Sampson Gannett, who disguised herself as a male soldier to serve in the American Revolution and subsequently lectured about her experiences, deserves that honor.[3] However, Gannett’s lectures were biographical rather than political. Maria Stewart was the first woman of record to confront promiscuous audiences with the contemporary political issues of race and gender during the troubled period leading to the Civil War.[4]

Stewart’s unique place in political history may be captured by William Andrew’s description of her as "the first Black feminist-abolitionist in America."[5] According to Marilyn Richardson, she also was "[l]ikelythe first African American [of either  gender] to lecture in defense of women’s rights."[6] Speaking six years before Angelina and Sarah Grimke and nearly a full decade before Frederick Douglass began his own public career in 1841, Stewart anticipates the great abolitionist, civil rights and women’s rights speakers that followed her.[7] In her four speeches are arguments, themes, and images echoed and given larger play not simply by Douglass and the Grimkes but by Sojourner Truth, Frances Harper, and decades later by W.E.B. Dubois.[8] Stewart’s unique and visible presence was almost guaranteed to make her a target. Although initially she found an audience, before long she was castigated for her public role and "doors in Boston soon closed to her."[9]

The opposition that Stewart encountered as a speaker in 1832-1833 is understandable. Despite the existence of female preachers and missionaries in the early part of the nineteenth century,[10] political speech was still deemed the exclusive domain of men. Yet Maria W. Miller Stewart poses a mystery for rhetorical critics even today. Why is this true pioneer so often overlooked in studies of African American and women’s oratory? When her speeches are acknowledged in collections of rhetoric, why are they designated as religious rather than political--making Stewart, as Lora Romero puts it, "the stepchild of Teresa of Avila (as opposed to the sister of Nat Turner)"?[11] Although a talented wielder of religious allusion and argument, Stewart’s message was both political and militant. For Stewart, "militancy" did not mean violence but the adoption of a more activist stance, one that challenged the passive acceptance of discrimination. Later militant reform movements would utilize dramatic demonstrations and civil disobedience to publicize the need for reform and force legislative action. Maria W. Stewart, through rhetorical devices alone, accomplished this same publication of the grievances suffered by free African Americans. By her very presence on the speaker's platform, Stewart challenged the boundaries set for women and free African Americans and enacted a new equality.

This examination of Stewart’s 1832 Franklin Hall Address will reveal a woman not only groundbreaking in her persona as a speaker and the nature of the audiences she addressed but also in the rich and varied arguments she constructed to oppose constraints she faced as a woman and free black American. In her address, Stewart followed two rhetorical paths. One is uncompromising and confrontational, a direct indictment of oppression and a scorching rebuke of those unwilling to struggle actively against it. Yet this activist stance is interwoven with a detailed narrative based on personal experience, and an evangelical rendering of the trials of a great people struggling against tremendous odds. Her sympathetic description of a free black nation still held by invisible chains ultimately provided hope that change would come. Through a rhetoric that was at once caustic, militant, nurturing and hopeful, Maria Stewart reflected the complexity of the struggle for freedom of Northern black Americans.

In many ways, the free black community of Boston in 1832 provided the ideal location for the emergence of Maria Stewart as a speaker. It formed a "background of religious, militant activism"[12] that became the basis of Stewart’s rhetorical force. An examination of the lives of free African Americans in Boston provides a better understanding of the necessity for reform, a need that supplied the impetus for Stewart's rhetoric.

Try this, but don't copy and paste this word for word unless you want to fail :P

During the time when slavery divided the United States, there were many abolitionists who fought against the unfair, inhumane and immoral treatment of human beings. One of whom was Maria W. Stewart, an African American educator and writer. In 1832, she gave a lecture in Boston, Massachusetts speaking against the institution of slavery. In her lecture, Stewart effectively uses metaphors and diction to convey her reasons why she would rather choose death than to be a lifelong slave.

Metaphorically, Stewart insists that being a lifelong slave is likened to a barren mind, and the “scorching sands of Arabia, [which] produces nothing; or, like the uncultivated soil, brings forth thorns and thistles” (line 41). Essentially, Stewart implies that slavery is soul-draining, because slaves are expected to obey without question and endure cruel treatments. Slaves have no opportunity to grow and enjoy simple qualities of life, because it is expected that they understand their place at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

Stewart’s word choice also describes the hardships of slavery, and paints a depressing picture of life in slavery. She explains that “Continual hard labor irritates our tempers and sours our dispositions; the whole system becomes worn out with toil and fatigue; nature herself becomes almost exhausted” (line 44). Using words such as “toil”, “fatigue”, and “exhausted” brings to light the fact that slavery is a depressing experience, much to the disbelief of whites, who believed that slavery was humane and a pleasant experience.

Diction and metaphors were the basis of Stewart’s rhetorical strategy. Her message provided a better understanding of the necessity for reform and racial equality, a need that supplied the impetus for Stewart's rhetoric. Her lecture helped support her stance on slavery and, as a black woman, earn the respect that all people deserve.

the answer is fifth.