The uncertainty of church authority, mentioned in Source 2, most directly contributed to which of the following European developments in the 13th and 14th centuries? The Crusades

The Protestant Reformation

The Counter-Reformation

The Enlightenment

Source 2

"Throughout the twelfth century there were many signs that the European intelligence was recovering courage and leisure, and preparing to take up again the intellectual enterprises of the first Greek scientific enquiries and such speculations as those of the Italian Lucretius. The causes of this revival were many and complex. The suppression of private war, the higher standards of comfort and security that followed the crusades, and the stimulation of men’s minds by the experiences of these expeditions were no doubt necessary preliminary conditions. Trade was reviving; cities were recovering ease and safety; the standard of education was arising in the church and spreading among laymen. The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries were a period of growing, independent or quasi-independent cities; Venice, Florence, Genoa, Lisbon, Paris, Bruges, London, Antwerp, Hamburg, Nuremberg, Novgorod, Wisby and Bergen for example. They were all trading cities with many travellers, and where men trade and travel they talk and think. The polemics of the Popes and princes . . . were exciting men to doubt the authority of the church. . . .

The Arabs [began] restoring Aristotle to Europe, and . . . [European princes like] Frederick II acted as a channel through which Arabic philosophy and science played upon the renascent European mind.”

H. G. Wells, A Short History of the World, 1922

Okay i need to answer 10 questions

It's more opinion based, so it really depends on your personal views of the topic of religion, there is no wrong answer, with the exception of irrelevant answers.hope that .

  consider  the  following scenario,  then describe  how  you might conduct  a  study using  ansrs,  convenience sample, and a  voluntary response sample.  you  are  interested  in  parents'  opinion  of the  war  in  iraq.  your population  is  parents  of  high school students.  your question  is, "do you  believe that the  war  in 

There really doesn't seem to be anything remotely advanced about this question, especially for high school.that being said, the actual correct answer may depend on the lesson you received.but i'll use common knowledge to you out here.  an atlas is a map, a flat map which depicts the world, all the continents and large bodies of water and etc.  an almanac is basically a yearly calendar. this depicts all the stuff that happened during the year it was released after, such as important events, sporting stuff, astronomical data, etc. it really depends on what type of almanac you go for.encyclopedias contain vast knowledge about just about everything important around the globe. each encyclopedia is generally focused on a topic and it's relating topics, ordered by each book alphabetically.  information resource can be anything. internet, newspaper, talking dog of pure wisdom (joking), the bible (or the religious book for whatever religion is in question), etc. all of these are considered information resources, as they all provide information on their respective topics (the internet is pretty much all topics)now, once again, your true answer will be based on whatever it is you learned, which i would not know. my answer will simply be using common knowledge.but your answers that line up with weather, sports, and business would be an almanac, information resources, and encyclopedia.  unfortunately, in today's world, they have books for everything. they have almanacs for weather, sports, and business, and they also have encyclopedia's for those as well. and of course, you can find all of that using information resources as well.  the only truly incorrect answer here is atlases.  ~hope this !