Dr. Bishop wants to study how small children respond to scary stimuli. She will explain the procedure to parents and ask them to sign a permission form. She will have 3-5 year old kids individually come into her lab. Each child will be given a teddy bear to cuddle with. She will then stand a couple of feet behind the child as he or she plays and make a very loud scary sound. She will observe and measure the child's responses. The child will come back in a few days and be given the teddy bear again; she will measure any reactions the child has to the bear.

c) was interpreted by the supreme court in gibbons v. ogden.

i hope it is the answer and it will you..

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.