When 4-year old michael hit his sister, his mom places him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 4 minutes. a time-out is considered to be

Punishment; Effect.

Explanation:

Because hitting his sister is frowned apart, Michael received a punishment for the action, which leads to the effect; The cause is that Michael hit his sister, and because of that, his effect would be his timeout.

like many students at university, you may be unhappy about the results you attain in exams. you may feel that even with all you are doing there must be something more -- or different-- you could be doing to get better grades. we have all at some time or other heard of that student who only studies a couple of hours for final exams and scores a's every time. we stand in awe of those who seem to breeze through without undue effort and seem to need very little in the way of studying to nail an exam. the reasons for success, in what i think are the vast majority of cases, are less esoteric than many students think: successful students consistently apply a series of productive strategies with view to attaining clearly identified learning and grade goals throughout the academic term.