The map here shows land surface temperatures on earth during one month in
2015.

how might scientists use a land surface temperature map such as this one?

a. to track water temperatures on earth

b. to monitor el niño events in the pacific ocean

c. to study the effects of temperature on plant growth
d. to determine how the amount of rainfall affects biodiversity

yes he does : )

the answer to the question is punishment. or more specifically, positive punishment.

positive punishment occurs when a behavior is given a negative consequence for the individual doing the behavior.

sara no longer wants to ask questions (the behavior) because she is ridiculed by mr. smith (the punishment).

reinforcement is inaccurate because reinforcement always gives positive consequences for the individual doing the behavior, be it by introducing a pleasant consequence or removing an unpleasant one.