Cladistics operates by grouping organisms together based

a. whether or not they share unique characteristics with some species that are not present in others.
b. identifying differences in mutation rates.
c. determining which shared traits are homologous, and disregarding any traits that are analogous.
d. identifying convergent evolution of traits through genetic analyses e. observing speciation events

A

whether or not they share unique characteristics with some species that are not present in others.

Explanation:

This is a method of biology classification in which organisms are placed in groups (called clades) according to the most recent common ancestor. The  classification is based principally on  the shared derived characteristics ( called SYNAPOMPORPHIES);that can be associated with   the most recent common ancestor.Therefore the ancestor and all the descendants are all inclusive in the clade, and  desired  the  traits  should   not present in more distant groups and ancestors.  

 if for example, within a strict cladistic framework the terms animals, bilateria/worms, fishes/vertebrata, or monkeys/anthropoidea were used, these terms would include humans.  

Based on evidence of evolution the organisms above  shared common ancestor, and  derived shared characteristics  for evolutionary trends which can provide evidences for their  classification into their clades

hello there,

igneous rock formed from below the surface would have more crystals because

answer: because magma cools more slowly than lava